گزارش کار آموزی اصول نقشه برداری

توضیحات

گزارش کار آموزی اصول نقشه برداری Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState='false' DefUnhideWhenUsed='true' DefSemiHidden='true' DefQFormat='false' DefPriority='99' LatentStyleCount='267'> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='0' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Normal'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='0' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='heading 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='0' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Title'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='11' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Subtitle'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='22' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Strong'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='20' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Emphasis'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='59' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Table Grid'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='1' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='No Spacing'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='34' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='List Paragraph'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='29' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Quote'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='30' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Intense Quote'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='19' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Subtle Emphasis'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='21' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Intense Emphasis'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='31' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Subtle Reference'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='32' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Intense Reference'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='33' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Book Title'/> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:'Table Normal'; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:''; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family:'Traditional Arabic';} <p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:10.3pt; margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"B Nazanin"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-language:AR-SA' lang='AR-SA'>مقدمه <p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:10.3pt; margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"B Nazanin"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-language:AR-SA' lang='AR-SA'>به طور کلی نقشه برداری را می­توان علم تهیه و پیاده کردن نقشه دانست . اما به دلیل گستردگی زیاد این علم در دنیای امروز تعریف بالا را نمی توان جامع دانست . کنترل کارهای اجرایی و تعیین میزان نشست ساختمانهادر عملیات ساختمانی و مونتاژ واحدهای تولیدی و صنعتی ، طرحهای مربوط به تسطیح اراضی در شهرسازی و کشاورزی ، و کنترل دایمی انحراف سدها از نظر فشار آب در تاسیسات آبی انتقال نقاط و امتدادها در معادن و راههای زیرزمینی ، بررسی تغییرات پوسته زمین در زمین شناسی وژئو فیزیک ، تعیین میزان عمق آب و تهیه نقشه های دریانوردی در کشتیرانی و بندر سازی ، تهیه نقشه های دریا نوردی در کشتیرانی و بندر سازی ، تهیه نقشه ابنیه و آثار تاریخی در باستان شناسی پیکره های دیگری از دامنه فعالیتهای علم نقشه برداری را تشکیل می دهد .<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"B Nazanin"; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'> <p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:10.3pt; margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"B Nazanin"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-language:AR-SA' lang='AR-SA'>به طور کلی نقشه برداری را می­توان علم تهیه و پیاده کردن نقشه دانست . اما به دلیل گستردگی زیاد این علم در دنیای امروز تعریف بالا را نمی توان جامع دانست . کنترل کارهای اجرایی و تعیین میزان نشست ساختمانهادر عملیات ساختمانی و مونتاژ واحدهای تولیدی و صنعتی ، طرحهای مربوط به تسطیح اراضی در شهرسازی و کشاورزی ، و کنترل دایمی انحراف سدها از نظر فشار آب در تاسیسات آبی انتقال نقاط و امتدادها در معادن و راههای زیرزمینی ، بررسی تغییرات پوسته زمین در زمین شناسی وژئو فیزیک ، تعیین میزان عمق آب و تهیه نقشه های دریانوردی در کشتیرانی و بندر سازی ، تهیه نقشه های دریا نوردی در کشتیرانی و بندر سازی ، تهیه نقشه ابنیه و آثار تاریخی در باستان شناسی پیکره های دیگری از دامنه فعالیتهای علم نقشه برداری را تشکیل می دهد .<p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:10.3pt; margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify; line-height:normal'> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState='false' DefUnhideWhenUsed='true' DefSemiHidden='true' DefQFormat='false' DefPriority='99' LatentStyleCount='267'> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='0' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Normal'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='0' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='heading 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='0' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Title'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='11' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Subtitle'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='22' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Strong'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='20' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Emphasis'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='59' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Table Grid'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='1' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='No Spacing'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='34' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='List Paragraph'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='29' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Quote'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='30' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Intense Quote'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='19' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Subtle Emphasis'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='21' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Intense Emphasis'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='31' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Subtle Reference'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='32' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Intense Reference'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='33' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Book Title'/> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:'Table Normal'; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:''; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family:'Traditional Arabic';} مقدمه وتاريخچه نقشه برداري 1 - مقدمه : اندازه گيري طول وزاويه اساس اكثر عمليات نقشه برداري را تشكيل مي دهد اندازه گيري مستقيم فاصله يكي از دشوارترين عمليات از نقطه نظر اجرايي است خصوصا اينكه دقت بالايي هم مورد نياز باشد در نتيجه روشهاي مختلفي براي اندازه گيري غير مستقيم طول ابداع شده است كه يكي از آنها بكارگيري طولابهاي الكترونيكي است . امروزه عملا نوارهاي متر كشي و روشهاي ديگر اندازه گيري غير مستقيم طول مانند سير بارلاكتيك وغيره در غالب عمليات نقشه برداري جاي خودرا به طوليا بهاي الكترونيكي داده اند همان گونه كه با ساخت نوارهاي فلزي متر كشي زنجيرهاي مساحتي و واحدهاي مربوطه وقواعد استفاده از آنها رفته رفته منسوخ شدند با پيدايش طوليا بهاي الكترونيكي نيز سر نوشتي مشابه براي نوارهاي متركشي رقم خورد. با پيشرفت علوم الكترونيكي تجهيزات نقشه برداري نيز چهره كاملا جديدي پيدا كردند اما ارمغان تكنولوژي نوين بيش از آنكه بر اندازه گيري زاويه اثر بگذارد بطور فاحشي نحوه اندازه گيري طول را دگرگون كرد. روند پيشرفت فني تجهيزات نقشه برداري با ساخت طوليابهاي الكترونيكي پايان نيافت بلكه با ساخت طوليابهاي نسبتا كوچك امكان الحاق آنها به تئودوليتهاي اپتيكس و الكترونيكي فراهم آمد.محصول جديد را كه توتال استيشن مي نامند بتدريج در حال جايگزيني طوليابهاي منفرد است با روند موجود يعني با عرضه روبه تزايد سيستمهاي تعيين موقيت جغرافيايي (جي پي اس) از يك سو و ساخت توتال استيشن ها از سوي ديگر خط توليد اكثر طوليابهاي مستقل ومنفرد روبه تعطيلي دارد. تكنولوژي ساخت طوليابهاي الكترونيكي در انحصار كشورهاي پيشرفته صنعتي قرار دارد واز اينرو بنابه علل اقتصادي وفني توليد اينگونه تجهيزات در اكثر كشورهاي ديگر مقرون به صرفه نيست در حال حاضر كشورهاي ايالات متحده آمريكا ژاپن سوئد سوئيس آلمان فرانسه بريتاليا وآفريقاي جنوبي وروسيه عمده ترين سازندگان طوليابهاي الكترونيك هستند با افزايش لوح رقابتهاي تجاري چندي است شركتهاي مشهور اقدام به انتقال كارخانجات خود به چين كرده اند به اين ترتيب چين نيز به جرگه توليد كنندگان طوليابهاي الكترونيكي پيوسته است . Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState='false' DefUnhideWhenUsed='true' DefSemiHidden='true' DefQFormat='false' DefPriority='99' LatentStyleCount='267'> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='0' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Normal'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='0' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='heading 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='0' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Title'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='11' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Subtitle'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='22' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Strong'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='20' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Emphasis'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='59' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Table Grid'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='1' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='No Spacing'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='34' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='List Paragraph'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='29' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Quote'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='30' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Intense Quote'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 1'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 2'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 3'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 4'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 5'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='60' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Shading Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='61' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light List Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='62' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Light Grid Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='63' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 1 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='64' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Shading 2 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='65' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 1 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='66' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium List 2 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='67' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 1 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='68' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 2 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='69' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Medium Grid 3 Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='70' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Dark List Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='71' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Shading Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='72' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful List Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='73' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' Name='Colorful Grid Accent 6'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='19' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Subtle Emphasis'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='21' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Intense Emphasis'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='31' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Subtle Reference'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='32' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Intense Reference'/> <w:LsdException Locked='false' Priority='33' SemiHidden='false' UnhideWhenUsed='false' QFormat='true' Name='Book Title'/> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:'Table Normal'; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:''; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family:'Traditional Arabic';} <span dir='LTR' style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'>مقدمه<span dir='RTL' style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'>. <span dir='RTL' style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'>1<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'>مقدمه وتاريخچه نقشه برداري<span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'>.. <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>2<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>مروری بر نقشه برداری زیر زمینی<span style='color: windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline: none'>.. <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>8 <span style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>اصطلاحات نقشه برداری زیر زمینی:<span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>8<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>شرایط خاص نقشه برداری در زیر زمین:<span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>9<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>نکات ایمنی در تونل و زیر زمین:<span style='color: windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline: none'> <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>10<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>روشهای کلی نقشه برداری زیر زمینی:<span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> 10<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Nazanin";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'> <span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>مراحل طراحی پروژه های زیر زمینی:<span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> 10<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>طراحی اجرای عملیات حفاری:<span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>11<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>طراحی کلی تهیه نقشه از زیر زمین:<span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> 11<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>ایستگاه گذاری در زیر زمین:<span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>12<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>عملیات نقشه برداری مسیر<span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>. <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>13<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Verdana'>ترازیابی<span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:<span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>13<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>جدول ترازیابی<span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>.. 13<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>طول يابي :<span style='color:windowtext;display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> 14<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family: "B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>دو اصل مهم در تهیه پروفیل :<span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>23<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>رسم پروفیل<span style='color:windowtext;display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>.. <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>24<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma; mso-font-kerning:18.0pt'>تهيه نقشه توپوگرافي<span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>.. 28<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'><span style='font-family:"B Titr";mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA' lang='AR-SA'>نقشه برداري با زنجير<span style='font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-family:"B Titr"; mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"B Titr"' lang='EN-US'> Chain Surveying<span style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'>. <span style='color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>34<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'> <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'>مراحل اساسی احداث یک مسیر راه به ترتیب از قرار زیر است:<span style='color:windowtext;display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> 41<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-no-proof:yes' lang='FA'>